| Augustin-Louis Cauchy  Born: 21-Aug-1789
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: 23-May-1857
Location of death: Sceaux, France
Cause of death: Fever
Gender: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Mathematician Nationality: France
Executive summary: Infinitesimals, theory of substitution groups French mathematician, born at Paris on the 21st of August 1789, and died at Sceaux (Seine) on the 23rd of May 1857. Having received his early education from his father Louis François Cauchy (1760-1848), who held several minor public appointments and counted Joseph-Louis Lagrange and Pierre-Simon Laplace among his friends, Cauchy entered École Centrale du Panthéon in 1802, and proceeded to the École Polytechnique in 1805, and to the École des Ponts et Chaussées in 1807. Having adopted the profession of an engineer, he left Paris for Cherbourg in 1810, but returned in 1813 on account of his health, whereupon Lagrange and Laplace persuaded him to renounce engineering and to devote himself to mathematics. He obtained an appointment at the École Polytechnique, which, however, he relinquished in 1830 on the accession of Louis-Philippe, finding it impossible to take the necessary oaths.
A short sojourn at Freiburg in Switzerland was followed by his appointment in 1831 to the newly-created chair of mathematical physics at the University of Turin. In 1833 the deposed King Charles X summoned him to be tutor to his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, an appointment which enabled Cauchy to travel and thereby become acquainted with the favorable impression which his investigations had made. Charles created him a baron in return for his services. Returning to Paris in 1838, he refused a proffered chair at the Collège de France, but in 1848, the oath having been suspended, he resumed his post at the École Polytechnique, and when the oath was reinstituted after the coup d'état of 1851, Cauchy and Arago were exempted from it. A profound mathematician, Cauchy exercised by his clear and rigorous methods a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings cover the entire range of mathematics and mathematical physics.
The genius of Cauchy was promised in his simple solution of the problem of Apollonius, i.e. to describe a circle touching three given circles, which he discovered in 1805, his generalization of Leonhard Euler's theorem on polyhedra in 1811, and in several other elegant problems. More important is his memoir on wave-propagation which obtained the Grand Prix of the Institut in 1816. His greatest contributions to mathematical science are enveloped in the rigorous methods which he introduced. These are mainly embodied in his three great treatises, Cours d'Analyse de l'École Polytechnique (1821); Le Calcul Infinitésimal (1823); Leçons sur les Applications du Calcul Infinitésimal à la Géométrie (1826-28); and also in his courses of mechanics (for the École Polytechnique), higher algebra (for the Faculté des Sciences), and of mathematical physics (for the Collège de France) His treatises and contributions to scientific journals (to the number of 789) contain investigations on the theory of series (where he developed with skill the notion of convergency), on the theory of numbers and complex quantities, the theory of groups and substitutions, the theory of functions, differential equations and determinants. He clarified the principles of the calculus by developing them with the aid of limits and continuity, and was the first to prove Taylor's theorem rigorously, establishing his well-known form of the remainder. In mechanics, he made many researches, substituting the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements for the principle of the continuity of matter. In optics, he developed the wave theory, and his name is associated with the simple dispersion formula. In elasticity, he originated the theory of stress, and his results are nearly as valuable as those of Siméon-Denis Poisson. His collected works, Oeuvres Complètes d'Augustin Cauchy, have been published in 27 volumes. Father: Louis François Cauchy (b. 1760, d. 1848)
Mother: Marie-Madeleine Desestre
Brother: Alexandre Laurent Cauchy (judge, b. 1792, d. 1857)
Brother: Eugène François Cauchy (publicist, b. 1802, d. 1877)
Wife: Aloïse de Bure (m. 1818, two daughters)
University: École Centrale du Panthéon (1802-)
University: École Polytechnique, Paris (1805-)
University: École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (1807-)
Professor: Collège de France, Paris
Professor: École Polytechnique, Paris
Professor: University of Turin
French Academy of Sciences 1816
Society of St. Vincent de Paul
Exiled self-imposed (1830-38)
Author of books:
Cours d'Analyse de l'École Polytechnique (1821, mathematics)
Le Calcul Infinitésimal (1823, mathematics)
Leçons sur les Applications de Calcul Infinitésimal; La Géométrie (1826–28, mathematics)
Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy (1882–1970, works, 27 vols.)
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